When the International Capital Market Association (ICMA) first published the Green Bond Principles in 2014, the market for self-labeled ESG bonds was small and homogeneous. Now, it's a different story.
When the International Capital Market Association (ICMA) first published the Green Bond Principles in 2014, the market for self-labeled ESG bonds was small and homogeneous: the equivalent of approximately USD 28 billion in total amount issued, with a large majority (96%) of these bonds self-labeled as "green" bonds1.
Seven years later, the market has grown 25 times, with more than USD 1 trillion in total amount issued in 2021 and a greater distribution of bonds by industry and location of issuer, as well as numerous standards and frameworks applied.
Growth in issuance of ESG-labeled bonds
ESG-labeled bonds not only grew as a market in the years since 2014; they became increasingly complex, as their objectives broadened beyond environmental ones alone. To introduce standards and transparency to this more complex ESG-bond market, ICMA released the Social Bond Principles and Sustainability Bond Guidelines in 2017 and Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles in 2020. These principles and guidelines have become the market standard used by issuers to self-label their bonds.
In 2021, self-labeled ESG bonds were issued across four broad categories (green, social, sustainability and sustainability-linked) with a combined market value of USD 1 trillion. After green bonds dominated the ESG-bond market from 2014 to 2018, social bonds increased as a share of the market — an issuance trend that accelerated in 2020 with a rush to address the economic ills caused by COVID-19. During 2020, the growth of social-bond issuance was even greater than that of green bonds.
In 2021, there were also increases in the issuance of sustainability bonds, a combination of green and social use of proceeds, and of sustainability-linked bonds — which are very different in their aim and structure from green, social and sustainability bonds, as they do not ring-fence proceeds, but rather tie the bonds' coupon to the sustainability performance of the issuer.
Categories of ESG-labeled bonds
Within these already diverse categories, more narrowly defined thematic bonds continue to emerge. Given the vast market and types of bonds issued, we provide an overview of the main categories of ESG bonds below, with a focus on how issuers use the proceeds:
1. Green bonds: Proceeds raised from a green bond are used toward projects and activities promoting a broad range of environmental objectives.
Within the broader green-bond category, there are a range of thematic bonds with a specific, narrowly defined use of proceeds. A few examples:
- Climate bonds: Proceeds target climate-change solutions such as mitigation- or adaptation-related projects and activities.
- Blue bonds: Proceeds target projects in the "blue economy" — for example, development of marine energy or sustainable fisheries4.
- Transition bonds: Proceeds are for transition to cleaner fuels or energy sources, although not for zero-emission fuels.
2. Social bonds: Proceeds are used to fund projects or activities addressing or mitigating a specific social issue, with a goal of achieving positive social impact.
Social bonds are often issued to address very specific and narrowly defined objectives. These include:
- COVID-response bonds
- Affordable-housing bonds
3. Sustainability bonds: Green and social objectives are typically combined in sustainability bonds, with the proceeds going to projects or activities with either positive environmental or social impact, or both.
Sustainability bonds are differentiated from their ESG-bond counterparts by their combination of social and environmental objectives: e.g., clean energy that is also affordable; or applying social criteria, such as do no harm, to the bond's primary environmental objective; or funding both green and social projects. Within the sustainability themes, bonds may be positioned as Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) bonds. These fund projects that contribute to one or more of the goals set by the SDGs.
4. Sustainability-linked bonds: Unlike the use of proceeds for green, social and sustainability bonds, proceeds raised from sustainability-linked bonds are used for general purposes. The coupon of sustainability-linked bonds is tied to the achievement of sustainability targets and failing to achieve them means the issuer is liable for an additional, pre-disclosed interest rate paid to the investors. Increasing numbers of issuers are looking to offer sustainability-linked bonds because their proceeds are not tied to specific projects. This enables companies with traditionally high environmental impact (e.g., cement manufacturers) to issue ESG-labeled debt as an incentive for improving the ESG characteristics of their operations.
Navigating ESG-labeled debt instruments and being able to see the true colors of various investment options are increasingly difficult, as bond classifications have multiplied. Given this scenario, MSCI ESG Research has developed its own methodology for assessing green and social bonds, to help investors navigate this complex market.
Links:
https://www.msci.com/esg-101-what-is-esg/navigating-complexities-of-esg-bonds
https://www.msci.com/our-clients/corporates
https://www.msci.com/esg-101-what-is-esg
Footnotes
1. Refinitiv Eikon's ESG-bond dataset, as of Jan. 31, 2022.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. "What is the Blue Economy?" World Bank, June 6, 2017.
